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At the time of delivery buy 15gm ketoconazole cream amex bacteria 4 pics 1 word, treatment may include resuscitation and intubation if the infant does not breathe on his or her own. These infants would need to be placed on a ventilator to mechanically assist with the breathing process. Supportive therapies, such as temperature regulation, nutritional support, and antibiotics, may be administered to the premature infant as well. From a functional perspective, the respiratory system can be divided into two major areas: the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The conducting zone consists of all of the structures that provide passageways for air to travel into and out of the lungs: the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles. The nasal passages contain the conchae and meatuses that expand the surface area of the cavity, which helps to warm and humidify incoming air, while removing debris and pathogens. The pharynx is composed of three major sections: the nasopharynx, which is continuous with the nasal cavity; the oropharynx, which borders the nasopharynx and the oral cavity; and the laryngopharynx, which borders the oropharynx, trachea, and esophagus. The respiratory zone includes the structures of the lung that are directly involved in gas exchange: the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. The lining of the conducting zone is composed mostly of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The mucus traps pathogens and debris, whereas beating cilia move the mucus superiorly toward the throat, where it is swallowed. As the bronchioles become smaller and smaller, and nearer the alveoli, the epithelium thins and is simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli. The endothelium of the surrounding capillaries, together with the alveolar epithelium, forms the respiratory membrane. The lungs are paired and separated into lobes; The left lung consists of two lobes, whereas the right lung consists of three lobes. Blood circulation is very important, as blood is required to transport oxygen from the lungs to other tissues throughout the body. The pulmonary artery provides deoxygenated blood to the capillaries that form respiratory membranes with the alveoli, and the pulmonary veins return newly oxygenated blood to the heart for further transport throughout the body. The lungs are innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which coordinate the bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction of the airways. The lungs are enclosed by the pleura, a membrane that is composed of visceral and parietal pleural layers. The mesothelial cells of the pleural membrane create pleural fluid, which serves as both a lubricant (to reduce friction during breathing) and as an adhesive to adhere the lungs to the thoracic wall (to facilitate movement of the lungs during ventilation). The force exerted by gases within the alveoli is called intra-alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure, whereas the force exerted by gases in the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure. Air flows when a pressure gradient is created, from a space of higher pressure to a space of lower pressure. A gas is at lower pressure in a larger volume because the gas molecules have more space to in which to move. The same quantity of gas in a smaller volume results in gas molecules crowding together, producing increased pressure. The surface tension of the alveoli also influences pressure, as it opposes the expansion of the alveoli. However, pulmonary surfactant helps to reduce the surface tension so that the alveoli do not collapse during expiration. Pulmonary ventilation consists of the process of inspiration (or inhalation), where air enters the lungs, and expiration (or exhalation), where air leaves the lungs. During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the rib cage to expand and move outward, and expanding the thoracic cavity and lung volume. This creates a lower pressure within the lung than that of the atmosphere, causing air to be drawn into the lungs. The air pressure within the lungs increases to above the pressure of the atmosphere, causing air to be forced out of the lungs. However, during forced exhalation, the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles may be involved in forcing air out of the lungs.
Advances in genetic research have enabled People may choose to take drugs discount 15 gm ketoconazole cream antibiotics for acne from dermatologist, but no one chooses to be an addict. Genetic variations may affect a person’s ability The Risk Factors for Addiction 41 to metabolize an addictive substance or to 42 tolerate it. Studies have found that genetics Genetic factors play a major role in the account for between half and three quarters of development of addiction as do individual † 43 the risk for addiction. Genetic factors appear biological and psychological characteristics and to be stronger drivers than environmental factors 31 44 environmental conditions. A factor influences them to have a higher tolerance for that is particularly predictive of risk, however, is alcohol are at increased risk of developing the age of first use; almost all cases of addiction begin with substance use before the age of 21, 35 when the brain is still developing. Genetic Risks * Twin and adoption studies confirm a genetic role in the likelihood of substance use and the from environmental similarities. Identical twins are genetically identical and fraternal twins share an * These studies help distinguish the roles of genetics average of 50 percent of their genes, but both types of and environment in the development of addiction. Adopted children with biological tendency toward heightened dopamine response parents who have addiction involving alcohol also are at increased risk because of their are at least twice as likely as are adopted enhanced or above average experience of reward 56 children without such parents to develop or pleasure from engaging in substance use. Individuals Other biological risks may involve damage or † whose genetic makeup produces involuntary deficits in the regions of the brain responsible 57 skin flushing and other unpleasant reactions to for decision making and impulse control. Psychological Risks It’s theoretically possible to take kids before Clinical mental health disorders such as they first drink, find out whether they have any depression and anxiety and psychotic disorders gene variations, and say to them, ‘If you choose such as schizophrenia, as well as behavioral to be a drinker, then be careful because it’s very disorders such as conduct disorder and attention- likely that you’ll need to drink more to have the 58 50 deficit/hyperactivity disorder --and sub-clinical same effect. Individuals whose brain University of California, San Diego development has been altered by stress are more sensitive to the effects of addictive substances and more vulnerable to the development of Other Drugs. Twin military duty, are at increased risk of developing studies have found genetic risks for 62 addiction. People who have risk-taking or hallucinogen, opioid, sedative and stimulant use 63 impulsive personality traits or who have low 53 64 and addiction. Expectations play a role in substance use as well, since people who expect that using In addition to genetic variations, certain addictive substances will be a positive and individuals have neurological, structural or rewarding experience--in terms of physical functional differences that make them more effects, mood or behavior--are likelier to smoke, 54 susceptible to addictive substances. This is in drink alcohol or use other drugs than are those part due to individual differences in how the 67 with more balanced or negative expectations. Some research indicates that individuals with a Environmental Risks naturally low level of dopamine response to addictive substances are at increased risk of Many factors within an individual’s family, engaging in substance use in order to achieve a social circle and community, as well as the greater experience of reward. Other research larger cultural climate, increase the likelihood suggests that individuals with a biological that an individual will use addictive substances and develop addiction. The of cases, addiction originates with substance use 82 nature of the parent-child relationship is key; before the age of 21. Because the parts of the people who come from families with high levels brain responsible for judgment, decision- of parent-child conflict, poor communication, making, emotion and impulse control are not weak family bonds and other indicators of an fully developed until early adulthood, unhealthy parent-child relationship are at adolescents are more likely than adults to take 69 increased risk of substance use and addiction. At the same time, because these or convey approval of such use are at increased regions of the brain are still developing, they are 70 risk as well. Homes where liquor and combination of early initiation of use and medicine cabinets are open to teens increase the genetic, biological, psychological or 73 chances that teens will use these substances. Widespread access to controlled prescription drugs contributes to the misuse of these … [addiction] is not simply a disease of the 75 substances and increased access to marijuana brain, but it is a developmental disorder, and it 71 marketed as medicine is linked to increased begins early in life--during adolescence. Risky Use and Addiction Exposure to advertising and marketing messages Frequently Co-occur with Other that promote or glamorize smoking and drinking Health Conditions increases the chances that these substances will 78 be used and misused. Direct-to-consumer marketing of controlled prescription drugs may Individuals with addiction are likely to have co- 87 encourage substance use by conveying the occurring health conditions. Smoking causes 79 bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung and oral message that there is a pill for every ill. From 2000-2004, the top three causes Environmental influences can exacerbate of smoking-attributable death were lung cancer, existing genetic, biological and psychological risks for substance use, further increasing the * As is true of much of health research, the research chances that an individual will engage in risky on the neurological effects of addictive substances on substance use, sometimes to the point of 80 the adolescent brain primarily has been conducted on addiction. Alcohol consumption chronic disease--like heart disease, hypertension, contributes to diseases that are among the top diabetes and asthma--defined as having a clear causes of death, including heart disease, cancer biological basis, a behavioral component, 90 and stroke. Addiction involving alcohol is environmental influences, unique and linked to cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, chronic identifiable signs and symptoms, a predictable pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmias, course and outcome and the need for continued 104 stroke and neoplasms of the liver, pancreas and management following treatment. Heavy alcohol use and addiction involving alcohol are associated with the Like any other chronic condition, addiction 92 incidence and re-infection of tuberculosis. The incidence of various forms of other chronic conditions, individuals with 94 95 cancer, heart disease and sexually-transmitted addiction can have symptom-free periods and 96 105 diseases are higher among those with addiction periods of relapse. In fact, Risky use and addiction also have high rates of addiction frequently is characterized as a disease co-occurrence with many mental health where relapse is virtually inevitable.
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