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Kierdorf H : Continuous versus interm ittent treatm ent: Clinical results m etabolic acidosis order sinemet 125mg fast delivery treatment vs cure. Drum l W : Im pact of continuous renal replacem ent therapies on patients with acute renal failure on continuous arteriovenous hem ofil- m etabolism. Frankenfeld DC, Badellino M M , Reynolds H N , et al. Toback FG: Regeneration after acute tubular necrosis. Ikizler TA, Greene JH , W ingard RL, H akim RM : N itrogen balance in 50. Toback FG, Dodd RC, M aier ER, H avener LJ: Am ino acid adm inis- acute renal failure patients. M ay RC, Clark AS, Goheer M A, M itch W E: Specific defects in sis. N Engl J of glucose, lactate and am ino acids in acutely urem ic dogs. O ken DE, Sprinkel M , Kirschbaum BB, Landwehr DM : Am ino acid 33. Zager RA, Venkatachalam M A: Potentiation of ischem ic renal injury 34. Dobyan DC, Bulger RE, Eknoyan G: The role of phosphate in the M etab 1996, 22:168–177. W akabayashi Y, Kikawada R: Effect of L-arginine on m yoglobin- M etab 1991, 17:112–115. Ding H , Kopple JD, Cohen A, H irschberg R: Recom binant hum an 39. Kurtin P, Kouba J: Profound hypophosphatem ia in the course of acute insulin-like growth factor-1 accelerates recovery and reduces catabo- renal failure. M arik PE, Bedigian M K: Refeeding hypophosphatem ia in critically ill 91:2281–2287. Am J Physiol 1997, parenteral nutrition in patients with renal failure. H irschberg R, Kopple JD, Guler H P, Pike M : Recom binant hum an 42. Congress N utr M etabol Renal Disease, N aples 1996. Drum l W , M itch W E: Enteral nutrition in renal disease. In Enteral com plication of parenteral alim entation in acute renal failure. Druml W , Schwarzenhofer M , Apsner R, Hörl W H: Fat soluble vita- 62. Roberts PR, Black KW , Zaloga GP: Enteral feeding im proves outcom e mins in acute renal failure. Zurovsky Y, Gispaan I: Antioxidants attenuate endotoxin-induced Am J Respir Crit Care M ed 1997, 156:1265–1269. W ennberg A, N orbeck H E, Sterner G, Lundholm K: Effects of intra- 46. JASN 1993, weight gain and urem ic state in experim ental urem ia in rats. Mehta ver the last decade, significant advances have been made in the availability of different dialysis methods for replacement of Orenal function. Although the majority of these have been developed for patients with end-stage renal disease, more and more they are being applied for the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF). The treatment of ARF, with renal replacement therapy (RRT), has the following goals: 1) to maintain fluid and electrolyte, acid-base, and solute homeostasis; 2) to prevent further insults to the kidney; 3) to promote healing and renal recovery; and 4) to permit other support measures such as nutrition to proceed without limitation. Ideally, ther- apeutic interventions should be designed to achieve these goals, taking into consideration the clinical course. Some of the issues that need consideration are the choice of dialysis modality, the indications for and timing of dialysis intervention, and the effect of dialysis on out- comes from ARF. This chapter outlines current concepts in the use of dialysis techniques for ARF. In contrast to IHD, intermittent hemodiafiltration (IHF), which uses convective clearance for solute removal, has not been used extensively in the United States, mainly because of the high Intermittent therapies Continuous therapies cost of the sterile replacement fluid.
Paralysis of the femoral nerve following totally extraperitoneal laparascopic inguinal hernia repair order 300mg sinemet with visa symptoms checklist. Determinant factors of pain after ambulatory inguinal herniorrhaphy: a multivariate analysis. Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block revisited: single shot versus double shot technique for hernia repair in children. What is the incidence of leg weakness after ilioinguinal block in children? Applied anatomy of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve in open inguinal herniorrhaphy. Current concepts and future trends in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. A comparison with caudal block for intra and postoperative analgesia. Venous plasma (total) bupivacaine concentrations following lower abdominal field block. Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Dahmane M, Pugliese F, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Valle M. The analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Transverse abdominal plane block: a cadaveric and radiological evaluation. The analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block after abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Surgical anatomy of the retroperitoneal spaces, Part IV: retroperitoneal nerves. McMorrow RCN, Ni Mhuircheartaigh RJ, Ahmed KA, et al. Comparison of transversus abdominis plane block vs spinal morphine for pain relief after Caesarean section. Transversus abdominis plane block for renal transplant recipients. Postoperative pain relief and recovery with ropivacaine infiltration after inguinal hernia repair. ASRA Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity. Pain relief after inguinal hernia repair: a randomized double-blind study. Nielsen KC, Guller U, Steele SM, Klein SM, Greengrass RA, Pietrobon R. Influence of obesity on surgical regional anesthesia in the ambulatory setting: an analysis of 9,038 blocks. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of subcostal transversus abdominis plane blocks with epidural analgesia following upper abdominal surgery. Oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) catheters: an alternative to epidural analgesia after upper abdominal surgery. Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in patients undergoing open appendicectomy. A case of liver trauma with a blunt regional anesthesia needle while performing transverse abdominal plane block. The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in open retropubic prostatectomy. The efficacy of preemptive analgesia for acute postoperative pain management: a meta-analysis. Oriola F, Toque Y, Mary A, Gagneur O, Beloucif S, Dupont H. Bilateral ilioinguinal nerve block decreases morphine consumption in female patients undergoing nonlaparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
Despite their apparent social anx- expected for their mental age generic sinemet 110 mg amex symptoms synonym. Because of their hyperverbal iety and aversion to eye contact, male patients with fragile speech, the investigation of WMS allows the study of the X syndrome are otherwise socially responsive and can be dissociability of components of language and other cogni- affectionate. In mentally retarded patients with WMS, Chapter 46: Behavioral Phenotypes of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 633 linguistic abilities may be selectively spared, unlike language cal cognitive profile to that found in children. Reading, learning disability occurring in normally intelligent children spelling, arithmetic, and social adaptation remained at a low (50). Molecular dissection of the WMS phenotype of a syndrome specific pattern of cognitive, linguistic, and may lead to identification of genes important in human adaptive functioning. The use of adult neuropsychological models to explain developmental disorders of genetic origin such as WMS has been challenged (54,55). It is assumed that uneven cognitive Genetics profiles found in childhood or adulthood in WMS charac- WMS is caused by a chromosomal deletion at 7q11. A terize infant starting states and that modules underlying contiguous gene deletion disorder, it results from hemizy- these abilities start out either intact or impaired. This chromosomal findings from two experiments with infants with WMS (se- region is highly repetitive, and the deletion arises from re- lected for study based on claims of innate modularity) sug- combination between misaligned repeat sequences flanking gest a within-syndrome double dissociation:for numerosity the WMS region. The deletion breakpoints cluster within judgments, WMS subjects do well in infancy but poorly in the repeats, so most patients with WMS have similar, al- adulthood, whereas for language, WMS subjects show poor though not identical, deletions of 1. The theo- The first deleted gene identified in the critical region was retic and clinical implications of these findings in WMS that for elastin (ELN). Studies of patients having deletions emphasize the importance of an developmental approach or point mutations confined to this gene showed that hemi- to neurogenetic disorders. These include the fol- Finally, Tager-Flusberg et al. They compared a group of mentally ratus; RFC2, which codes for a subunit of the replication retarded adults with WMS to an age-, IQ-, and language- factor C complex involved in DNA replication; and FZD3, matched group of adults with PWS, and a group of age- homologous to the Drosophila tissue-polarity gene, 'friz- matched normal adults, on a task that tests mentalizing zled' (51). The task involved identifying the correct labels to match photographs of complex mental state expression fo- cused on the eye region of the face. The adults with WMS Cognitive Phenotype performed significantly better than the adults with PWS on Bellugi et al. Such findings provide support tive strengths) and spatial cognition (profound impair- for the proposal that mentalizing is a distinct cognitive do- ment)' (50). The authors proposed that this sparing of cognitive dissociations in the higher cognitive functions. These inves- capacity could be 'linked to the relative sparing of limbic- tigators proposed that general cognitive deficits are present cerebellar neural substrate in WMS, which is also connected but linguistic abilities are spared. They found extreme spa- to cortico-frontal regions that are known to be involved in tial cognitive deficits with intact face processing. WMS subjects show an unusual positive response in their social judgments of unfamiliar persons. An approach to studying cognition is to carry out genetic Howlin et al. LIMK1 and STX1A with WMS (average age of the group was 26 years; mean are good candidate genes to investigate cognitive or behav- full-scale IQ was 61) (53). The gene for LIMK1 was implicated verbal and performance IQ and between receptive and ex- as a cause of the visuospatial characteristics of WMS (58); pressive language skills in the adults than that found in however, other investigators were unable to substantiate this children. Still, subtest scores documented an almost identi- association in three further cases (59). The genes for STX1A 634 Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress and FZD9 were proposed as involved, based on brain-spe- nition, also a ventral function, is preserved despite severe cific gene expression in the developing (FZD9) or adult visuospatial dysfunction, a dorsal function. However, when these ings also suggest possible involvement of the visually linked genes were underexpressed by 50%, as is expected in WMS, lateral nucleus of the amygdala. However, these authors did propose that genes respon- threatening ones. Moreover, because this region may receive sible for mental retardation and other features of the disor- auditory projections, WMS subjects may not be sensitive der are 'located in the region telometric to RFC2 through to threatening voice and speech. Further work is needed at GTF21 at the telometric border of the deletion. To understand the linking of genes with tin and LIMK1 genes (59) were consistent with findings in neuroanatomy, it is necessary to find more genes with brain those with deletion of genes in the WMSTF through LIMK1 developmental effects.
