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Although research articles are the gold standard for validity purchase 6.5mg nitroglycerin with visa symptoms 5dpiui, you may also need and desire to get at least some information from other sources. The Internet is a vast source of information from which you can learn about almost anything, including psychology. Although you will naturally use the web to help you find information about fields such as psychology, you must also realize that it is important to carefully evaluate the validity of the information you get from the web. You must try to distinguish information that is based on empirical research from information that is based on opinion, and between valid and invalid data. The following material may be helpful to you in learning to make these distinctions. The techniques for evaluating the validity of websites are similar to those that are applied to evaluating any other source of information. This information can help you determine the author‘s (or organization‘s) purpose in publishing the website. Is the data being summarized from objective sources, such as journal articles or academic or government agencies? Does it seem that the author is interpreting the information as objectively as possible, or is the data being interpreted to support a particular point of view? Consider what groups, individuals, and political or commercial interests stand to gain from the site. Is the website potentially part of an advocacy group whose web pages reflect the particular positions of the group? Material from any group‘s site may be useful, but try to be aware of the group‘s purposes and potential biases. Also, ask whether or not the authors themselves appear to be a trustworthy source of information. Many useful web pages appear as part of organizational sites and reflect the work of that organization. You can be more certain of the validity of the information if it is sponsored by a professional organization, such as the American Psychological Association or the American Psychological Society. Try to check on the accuracy of the material and discern whether the sources of information seem current. Reputable websites will probably link to other Attributed to Charles Stangor Saylor. Try to check the accuracy of the information by reading at least some of these sources yourself. It is fair to say that all authors, researchers, and organizations have at least some bias and that the information from any site can be invalid. But good material attempts to be fair by acknowledging other possible positions, interpretations, or conclusions. A critical examination of the nature of the websites you browse for information will help you determine if the information is valid and will give you more confidence in the information you take from it. Because all research has the potential to be invalid, no research ever “proves” a theory or research hypothesis. Internal validity is greater when confounding variables are reduced or eliminated. Scientists use meta-analyses to better understand the external validity of research. The researchers labeled the glasses with only an “M” (for Pepsi) or a “Q” (for Coke) and asked the participants to rate how much they liked the beverage. The research showed that subjects overwhelmingly preferred glass “M” over glass “Q,” and the researchers concluded that Pepsi was preferred to Coke. Determine the criteria that were used to select the studies and report on the findings of the research. Basic research and applied research inform each other, and advances in science occur more rapidly when both types of research are conducted. The results of psychological research are reported primarily in research reports in scientific journals. These research reports have been evaluated, critiqued, and improved by other scientists through the process of peer review. The methods used by scientists have developed over many years and provide a common framework through which information can be collected, organized, and shared. In addition to requiring that science be empirical, the scientific method demands that the procedures used be objective, or free from personal bias.
In this way buy nitroglycerin 6.5mg online treatment 3 nail fungus, the careful examiner avoids any inclination to notice only the data that support the favored theory while ignoring observations that might not ft the ofcial mindset. Forensic anthropology 139 When remains are presented to the anthropologist with no background information whatsoever, the task is to perform the most thorough examina- tion possible with the materials available. In some instances an anthropologist may be asked to examine a skull, a set of postcranial remains, or some skeletal component when additional remains are actually available. Experience dic- tates that the better course of action is to insist upon examining all of the materials available. Tis approach is particularly important when the remains may be reexamined by subsequent investigators. If additional case-related remains emerge during the course of investigation, these should be immediately made available to the original examiner. Human and Minimum Number of Individuals Te frst steps in examination of skeletal remains will usually be determining whether the specimen is animal or human, and if so, how many individuals are represented. Diferentiating animal remains from human remains usu- ally amounts to an examination of the epiphyses of long bones, or simply the recognition of a particular species as itself based upon the examiner’s skill as a comparative osteologist. When frag- ments reveal little or no distinguishing anatomy, the examiner may resort to histological/microscopic means or other distinguishing physical or chemical properties (Stewart 1979, 45-58). If it is necessary to go beyond simply stating that a specimen is nonhuman, comparative skeletal atlases, some region specifc, are readily available for those willing to do the necessary taxonomic keying. Te author recalls a scrub stone said to have been made from the “compressed sweepings from the ovens at Treblinka. In the frst instance, x-ray fuorescence and mass spectroscopy revealed a combination of artist’s plaster and charcoal. Under microscopic examination, the crucifx proved to be of walrus ivory, and probably produced from a die. Based upon conversations with several colleagues, there is apparently a signifcant prevalence of pseudobone objects driven by underground marketing of “holocaust” artifacts. Anthropologists in university settings will fnd an array of analytical equipment and tech- niques applicable to these problems no more distant than a phone call to a colleague in the chemistry or physics department. Here it is important to recognize that attribution of some bones may be challenging, e. In some cases, evidence custodians clearing out old specimens have unintentionally associated components from diferent individuals in a box or other container that is then presented to the anthropologist as the remains from a single case. Te author was once cautioned by a forensic pathologist who worked in Hawaii that “an extra patella” in a skeletal submission might not be surprising since many traditional Hawaiians carried one as a good luck object! Tis is particularly likely when there is a reasonable probability that a set of recovered remains may be com- mingled. Law enforcement personnel, road construction crews, and others have occasionally encountered buried human remains from archaeological contexts. Techniques for establishing the postmortem interval for long-dead remains, ranging from gross inspection to physical and chemical methods, have been described ably elsewhere. Such interments can usually be easily distinguished from cofn parts, embalming artifacts, etc. Tis is a qualitative and biometric description of the remains that, ideally, includes, in order, a diagnosis of sex, ancestry (population membership), skeletal and dental age, and a description of stature and physique. Te biological profle may be com- plete or partial, tentative or robust, depending upon the developmental status (i. As the biological profle is constructed, the anthropologist will typically enumerate any additional features that might be used as unique identifers, e. Unique identifers associated with the dentition are best noted and referred to the forensic odontologist, who will perform the case-related charting and comparisons with antemortem records of possible matches that may become available. In the author’s laboratory, standard dental charts and digital bitewing radiographs are made a permanent part of each case fle. In this way, informa- tion can be transmitted electronically to odontologists around the world for rapid comparison with suspected matches for unidentifed remains. Te most reliable diagnostic features are the innominate bones (os coxae) of an adolescent or adult. Depending upon the completeness of the specimen, sex may also be determined from the cranium, long bone dimensions, discrete features, general size criteria, and several dis- criminant function tests that compare bone dimensions to their means within databases populated by individuals of known sex.
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