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By V. Brontobb. Huntingdon College. 2018.
A wetland manager should be familiar with how diseases are transmitted generic 0.5mg avodart otc medications hydroxyzine, which then allows a better ability to assess risk and potential cause of disease. A strong likelihood of water-borne pathogens associated with faecal contamination having entered waterways provides a pointer for a wetland manager to start contemplating the range of associated diseases that might be at play, e. As another example, a relative absence of invertebrate vectors such as mosquitoes may make an outbreak of Rift Valley fever unlikely. A wetland manager should know what represents ‘normal’ behaviour and ecology in livestock and wildlife in the wetlands they manage. Deviations from this normal state, whether behavioural or otherwise, may then provide a good indication of the disease processes at play. Determining the potential impacts of a disease will be impossible without a diagnosis from animal health experts, however, the wetland manager will be able to contribute to the impact assessment given their knowledge of human, livestock and wildlife activities within a wetland site. Wetland characteristic and geographical range: a mesotrophic lake in Iceland and a eutrophic lake in Nepal, choked with invasive alien water cabbage Pistia spp. Regardless of susceptible hosts present in these wetlands, the geochemical, hydrological, climatological and biological attributes of these wetlands ensure a different diversity of potential diseases and invertebrate vectors (Ruth Cromie, Sally Mackenzie). The factsheets are designed for wetland managers focusing on the aspects most relevant to disease management in wetlands, such as prevention and control measures. The factsheets are not intended as diagnostic guides, but as primers describing the disease, listing available management strategies, and directing the reader to sources where further technical guidance can be obtained. Factsheet sections The factsheets are divided into eight sections: Header At-a-glance summary of taxa affected, relevant wetland type and levels of impact. Key facts Brief description of the disease, the causal agent, the species affected, the geographic distribution and the environment in which the disease usually occurs. Transmission and spread How the disease is transmitted and spread, including (when relevant) vectors*, transmission between individuals, spread between geographic areas and how/if the disease is transmitted to humans. Identification and response Identifying and responding to a disease problem, including field signs, recommended action if the disease is suspected and information about how a diagnosis may be made. Prevention and control in Prevention and control measures in the environment, livestock, wetlands wildlife and humans. Importance Global importance in terms of effects on wildlife, livestock and humans, and economic importance. For the sake of these practically-focussed factsheets they refer to various means by which infection can be transferred. Factsheet header explained The factsheet header contains a quick summary of the disease, including the most widely known names of the disease, symbols to indicate which taxa are affected, a brief description of the wetland types in which the disease might be found, and three boxes indicating whether or not the disease can occur in wildlife, livestock and humans, plus the level of impact the disease has on each of these groups. Wildlife Wetlands inhabited by the Livestock tsetse fly Human How the disease affects livestock e. The taxa categories are invertebrates, fish, amphibians & reptiles, birds and mammals. The taxa symbols appear in the factsheet headers in two colours: black indicates the taxa that are usually affected, and grey indicates the taxa that can also be affected (see example above). Taxa symbols Invertebrates Animals without backbones – all animals except fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Fish Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals, ‘fish’ (not a meaningful term for a biological grouping in itself) are not a single clade or class but a group of taxa, including hagfish, lampreys, sharks and rays, ray-finned fish, bony fish, coelacanths and lungfish - any non-tetrapod craniate with gills throughout life and limbs (if present) in the form of fins. Amphibians and reptiles (together known as herpetafauna) Animals from the classes Amphibia (such as frogs, salamanders and caecilians) and Reptilia (such as crocodiles, lizards and turtles). These categories are assigned based on impacts at the global scale rather than impacts on an individual or a population. Impact colours Severe impact Mild impact Moderate impact No impact The and symbols indicate whether or not a disease can occur in the group specified, so for example if the humans box is ticked ( ), the disease is zoonotic (can be transmitted to humans and cause disease); if the box is crossed ( ), the disease does not occur in humans. It should be noted that this symbol may refer to the disease in only some situations, i. Notifiable diseases bring trade restrictions and a range of necessary disease control measures.
Non-satisfactory attendance is defined on a case-by-case basis and not specified as a set percentage quality avodart 0.5 mg treatment medical abbreviation. Within the theory and practical components, the students are not required to pass individual papers, instead they are added up. Student who fails in the Professional 1 Examination will sit for the Supplementary Professional I Examination. Marks from Supplementary Professional 1 and previous marks from Semester Examination must be more than 50%. A student who fails the Supplementary Professional I Examination will leave the Doctor of Medicine Programme. Excellent candidates are called for a viva-voce to determine the eligibility to pass with distinction. Students must complete and show satisfactory progress in all modules / postings assigned in each year of study. Year 3 Module Examinations The details of module examination and allocation for Year 3 consist of Continuous Assessment and End-of-Module Examination. Year 4 Module Examinations The details of module examination and allocation for Year 4 consist of Continuos Assessment and End-of-Module Examination. Year 5 Module Examinations The details of module examination and allocation for Year 5 consist of Continuos Assessment and End-of-Module Examination. Within theory and clinical components, the students are not required to pass individual paper/cases, instead they are added up. Candidates will be called for a viva-voce to determine the eligibility to pass with distinction. Special awards The awards falls into the following categories : (a) Special Award for Leadership (3 recipients) Awarded to final year students who have exhibited prominent leadership qualities and have achieved, satisfactory academic performance throughout the course of study. E Moreira Memorial Award, is given by the Malaysian Medical Association on for the best individual student. Elective Award The Awards fall into 2 categories : (a) The best elective group according to the criteria of the Elective Committee for the Phase 2 Medical Doctor Course Elective Programme. Departmental Award Awarded to the best students as decided by the respective departments. Deans Certificate Award Awarded in two categories to final year students on the medical course. One is awarded to the student who achieves Grade A with Distinction, and the other to the student who achieves Grade A. Inpatient Services Ophtalmology, Orthopaedics, Otorhinolaryngology, Psychiatry, Surgery, Paediatrics Newborn, Paediatrics Surgery, Paediatrics Medical, Medical, Obstetric & Gynaecology, Dental and Neuroscience, Reconstructive, Cardiothorasic. The 2-storey block consists of :- Level 1 (i) Reception counter (ii) Meeting room (iii) Briefing rooms (iv) Tutorial rooms 66 (v) Students’on-call room (vi) Students’ Resource Centre/ Quarantine room (vii) Prayer rooms (viii) Dinning area & pantry (ix) Main office Level 2 (i) 108 bed examination wards (ii) Children play area (iii) Examiner rooms (iv) Secretariat rooms (v) Document examination rooms (vi) Communication room with one-way mirror (vii) Dark-rooms for ophtalmology examination (viii) Rest examiners’ room (ix) Work station (x) Medical doctors’ counter (xi) Nurses’ counter (xii) Student counter (xiii) Resource block (xiv) Resuscitation room (xv) Students’ waiting area (xvi) Patients’ waiting area (xvii) Prayer rooms (xviii) Equipment examination room 1. The library was officially operational in February 1980 at the Main Campus in Penang. A large number of the collection and staff were transferred from the Penang Campus to the University’s branch in Kubang Kerian in 1982 and was temporarily located at level 8 of the Hospital building. In November 1985, the collection and staff were subsequently shifted to its permanent building which houses the current Library. In 1990, the remaining collections as well as staff of the Medical Library were completely moved from the main campus to Kubang Kerian. The Kubang Kerian Campus was appropriately renamed as the Health Campus in 2001, thus bringing about the change of the Library’s name to the Health Campus Library. Thesis and Dissertation 2, 011 (2, 277) Services The services provided by the library are divided into two major activities : 1. Technical Services The activities include the process of selection and purchase of library materials. The selection process focuses on materials to fulfill the teaching, learning and research requirements of the Health Campus. Technical processing of library materials includes the cataloguing and classification of library materials : 1. The Laboratory has 17 packages of learning programmes and 5 packages of multimedia programmes. It is also equipped with 85 computers which consist of 12 Apple Macintosh’s and 71 Acer Veriton. The undergraduate learning activity follows an organ-based system that complements topics covered in an Integrated Problem Based Learning Sessions.
This research model is ill suited to long-term follow- up of patients since it was never designed for this purpose buy avodart 0.5mg amex treatment 4 high blood pressure. Although remarkably successful in addressing its original goals of testing clearly defined hypotheses, this traditional approach to clinical research is poorly suited to answering current questions about human health that are often more open-ended and larger in scope than those typically addressed in the past. Based on committee experience and the input from multiple stakeholders during the course of this study, including the two-day workshop, the Committee 6 There are notable exceptions such as the Framingham Heart Study and Nurses’ Health study, which were designed from the outset to follow a cohort of patients over an extended period of time. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease 30 identified several reasons that current study designs are mismatched to current needs. Traditional designs: x Require very large sample sizes —hence most studies are inevitably under-powered. As emphasized above, the number and complexity of questions inherent in genotype- phenotype correlations is virtually unbounded. Patients with particularly informative genotypes and phenotypes—often difficult or impossible to recognize in advance—will typically be rare. Identification and recruitment of such patients in sufficient numbers to acquire clinically actionable information about their diseases will be possible only if molecular and clinical information can be combined in huge patient cohorts. Indeed, the suite of obstacles that a young investigator must overcome to penetrate this system are a major disincentive for involvement in patient-oriented research. In addition, the many talented biomedical researchers who choose to focus their work on model organisms (such as flies, worms, and mice) have little opportunity to share insights or collaborate with clinical researchers. The current biomedical training system separates researchers and physicians from the earliest stages of their education and creates silos of specialized, but limited knowledge. The insular nature of the current biomedical system does not encourage interdisciplinary collaborations and has significant negative effects on training, study design, prioritization of research efforts, and translation of new research findings. Long-term follow-up was not required to conduct the first generation of genotype-phenotype studies. However, questions such as “Do cystic fibrosis patients with particular genotypes do better over a period of decades with particular treatments? Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease 31 the results were generated, and whether the laboratory work was performed under protocols that permit results feedback. These limiting factors mean that most research results are not integrated into clinical care. Expert opinion on the “duty to inform” research participants of clinically relevant results vary widely. Indeed, many researchers are reluctant to contribute data to a common resource as it may expose them to questions about whether feedback to participants is necessary or desirable. For these, and many other reasons, the project of developing an Information Commons, a Knowledge Network of disease, and a New Taxonomy requires a long-term perspective. In a sense, this challenge has parallels with the building of Europe’s great cathedrals–studies started by one generation will be completed by another, and plans will change over time as new techniques are developed and knowledge evolves. As costs in the health-care system are increasingly dominated by the health problems of a long-lived, aging population, one can imagine that studies that last 5, 10, or even 50 years can answer many of the key questions on which clinicians will look to researchers for guidance. Many patients are already put on powerful drugs in their 40’s, 50’s, and 60’s that they will take for the rest of their lives. The very success of some cancer treatments is shifting attention from short-term survival to the long-term sequelae of treatment. For all these reasons, the era during which a genetic researcher simply needed a blood sample and a reliable diagnosis is passing. Outcomes research is also creating new opportunities for a close integration of medicine and data-intensive biology. Cost constraints on health-care services—as well as an increasing appreciation of how often conventional medical wisdom is wrong—has led to a growing outcomes-research enterprise that barely existed a few decades ago. The requirements of outcomes researchers for access to uniform medical records of large patient populations are remarkably similar to those of molecularly oriented researchers. Multiple Stakeholders Are Ready for Change The tremendous recent progress in genetics, molecular biology, and information technology has been projected to lead to novel therapeutics and improved health-care outcomes with reduced overall health-care costs. This situation has created a “perfect storm” for a wide variety of stakeholders, including health-care providers, payers, regulators, patients, and drug developers. Clinical and basic researchers have learned that for their collective efforts to provide affordable improvements in health care, increased collaboration and coordination are required. Public-private collaborations are needed to combine longitudinal health outcomes data with new advances in technology and basic research. Such initiatives are essential to gain and apply the specific biological knowledge required to develop new approaches to treat and prevent disease.
